Fast protein liquid chromatography (FPLC) is a form of medium pressure chromatography originally developed for purifying proteins with high resolution and reproducibility. Its distinguishing feature is that the stationary phase is composed of small-diameter beads (generally cross-linked agarose) that are packed in glass or plastic columns and have high loading capacity. The FPLC system allows the use of a wide range of aqueous buffers (the mobile phase) and different stationary phases to perform the main chromatography modes (ion exchange, gel filtration, affinity and hydrophobic interaction, reverse phase). However, anion exchange and gel filtration chromatography are the modes most commonly used.

Background: Tramadol is one of the most commonly used analgesics, thanks to its efficacy and safety. It is widely used in Myanmar for postoperative and cancer pain control. The use of generic drugs has been steadily increasing worldwide, mostly in developing countries. Generic drugs should have efficacy and safety comparable to their innovators or other approved generic products. Objectives: This study aims to compare the bioequivalence of locally producing, Tramadol BPI® capsule (test product) with the Tramazac® capsule (reference product) in healthy Myanmar volunteers. Methods: The bioequivalence was determined in 16 healthy Myanmar volunteers after a single oral administration of 100 mg tramadol (under fasting condition) in a randomized, openlabel, two-period, and two-treatment crossover study with a two-week washout period. Blood samples were collected at specified times, and plasma tramadol concentrations were measured with a validated High-performance liquid chromatography method with a fluorescence detector. Pharmacokinetic parameters were determined using the plasma concentration-time data in a noncompartmental model. Results: The analysis of variance of the logarithmically transformed parameters (maximum plasma concentration (Cmax), Area Under the concentration-time Curve from the time of administration to the last measured concentration (AUC0-t), and to infinity (AUC0-∞ ) revealed no sequence, period, and formulation effects between the test and reference products. Significant differences were found between the subjects within the sequence for both AUC0-t, and AUC0-∞ , indicating a substantial intersubject variation. The geometric mean ratio of test/reference and their 90% confidence intervals were within the ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations) bioequivalence acceptance interval of 80% to 125%. Conclusion: Tramadol BPI® and Tramazac® capsules, after a single oral administration of 100 mg, were bioequivalent in respect of their rate and extent of absorption under fasting condition.

Background and Objectives: Furfural (F) and hydroxymethyl furfural (HMF) are cyclic aldehydes, which are formed during the heat processing of foods. These chemical contaminants have received much attention due to their suspected health hazards and heat damage indicators. The aim of the present study was extraction and determination of F and HMF in baby-foods using dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) coupled with High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Materials and Methods: Several effective parameters including the type and volume of extracting and disperser solvents, pH and salt amount were studied and optimized to find the best way of detecting and analyzing F and HMF. The optimized method was applied to determine F and HMF in 33 samples of babyfoods (powdered, soups, fruit puree and juices). Results: According to the results of this study, the optimal experimental conditions were: 4. 5 for pH, 60 μ L for 1-octanol, 600 μ L for ethanol and 2 g of salt (NaCl). The limit of detection (LOD) was 1. 3 μ g kg-1 for F and 2. 1 μ g kg-1 for HMF. F and HMF were found in all samples at levels ranging from 110 to 27510 μ g kg-1 and from 200 to 25750 μ g kg-1, respectively. Conclusions: The proposed method can be considered as an effective, fast and reliable method for investigating F and HMF in baby-foods.

Dissolved carbon dioxide flotation after emulsification micro extraction (DCF-EME) technique coupled with High-performance liquid chromatography. was applied for preconcentartion and determination of Diuron in surface water samples. DCF-EME method is based on the rapid and simple phase separation of low density organic solvent from the aqueous phase via introducing HCl 2 M into the saturated NaHCO3 sample solution containing analytes. In situ generation of carbon dioxide (CO2) bobbles intensified by ultrasound radiation result in the collection of dispersed extraction solvent on the surface of aqueous sample in the capillary part of the designed extraction cell.Under the optimal conditions, the calibration curves were linear in the range of 6 to 5000 ng.l-1 with the correlation coefficients (R2) of 0.999 in water sample. The limits of detections (LOD) and limits of quantifications (LOQ) were 6 and 20, respectively. The preconcentration factor for the mentioned method was 338. The applicability of the proposed method was evaluated by the extraction and determination of the analytes in surface water samples.

Introduction: There are different ways for identification of Mycobacteria. One of the most sensitive method is HPLC of phenacyl esters of mycolic acids of Mycobacteria for rapid identification of them after their primary cultures. This study uses HPLC for rapid identification and dissociation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. Methods: In this study we use HPLC patterns of mycolic acids for identification three important species of mycobacteria (M. tuberculosis, M. bovis, M. bovis BCG) from other mycobacterial species. All the strains were obtained from Tuberculosis and Pulmonary Diseases Research Center. HPLC conditions was as follows: HPLC: Model 1200 Cecil, Column: URP C-18 25X4.6 mm, Detector: U.V variable wave length at 254 nm, Elution: Gradient of methanol/chloroform. Flow rate: 2.5 ml/min.Results: HPLC leads to obtaining chromatograms which on its X-axis retention times (of different peaks which exist in the sample) and on its Y-axis U.V absorbance (of these peaks) were drown. These chromatograms in M. bovis and M. tuberculosis samples are similar with each other but differs from BCG ones.Discussion: On the basis of different retention times and numbers of the peaks which present in each chromatogram, we can differentiate between M. bovis, M. tuberculosis and BCG from other Mycobacteria. Also, with this method we can identify BCG from M. bovis and M. tuberculosis (because BCG has 9 and M. bovis and M. tuberculosis has 7 characteristic peaks in their chromatograms).